Excess fat around the stomach and abdomen Central obesityOther namesbeer belly, beer gut, pot belly, spare tyre, bread box, muffin topA centrally obese male. Weight 182 kg/400 lbs, height 185 cm/6 ft 1 in.
The body mass index is 53.Heart Disease, Asthma, Stroke, DiabetesCausesSedentary Lifestyle, Alcoholism,Abdominal obesity, also known as central obesity and truncal obesity, is a condition when excessive around the stomach and abdomen has built up to the extent that it is likely to have a negative impact on health. Central has been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic and vascular diseases.Visceral and central abdominal fat and waist circumference show a strong association with., also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat, is located inside the, packed in between internal organs and torso, as opposed to, which is found underneath the, and, which is found interspersed in. Visceral fat is composed of several including, white (EWAT). An excess of is known as central obesity, the 'pot belly' or 'beer belly' effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. This body type is also known as 'apple shaped', as opposed to 'pear shaped', in which fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks.Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to,. Abdominal obesity was more closely related with metabolic dysfunctions connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity.
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He exercised every day to avoid becoming paunchy in his old age.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s insightful and powerful imaging techniques were discovered that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated with body fat accumulation. Techniques such as and made it possible to categorize mass of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat. Contents.Health risks Central obesity is associated with a statistically higher risk of, and (see below). With an increase in the waist to hip ratio and overall waist circumference the risk of death increases as well. Metabolic syndrome is associated with abdominal obesity, blood lipid disorders, inflammation, insulin resistance, full-blown diabetes, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It is now generally believed that intra-abdominal fat is the depot that conveys the biggest health risk.Central obesity can be a feature of, a group of diseases that is either, or due to secondary causes (often, a group of against ). Central obesity is a symptom of and is also common in patients with (PCOS).
Central obesity is associated with. Once dyslipidemia becomes a severe problem, an individual's abdominal cavity would generate elevated free fatty acid flux to the liver.
The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.Recent validation has concluded that total and regional body volume estimates correlate positively and significantly with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and calculations correlate significantly with all biomarkers of cardio-vascular risk.Ghroubi et al. (2007) examined whether abdominal circumference is a more reliable indicator than of the presence of knee osteoarthritis in obese patients. They found that it actually appears to be a factor linked with the presence of knee pain as well as osteoarthritis in obese study subjects. Ghroubi et al.
(2007) concluded that a high abdominal circumference is associated with great functional repercussion. Diabetes There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called that may possibly. But which is found in lower concentration in obese and diabetic individuals has shown to be beneficial and protective in.is a major feature of (T2DM), and central obesity is correlated with both insulin resistance and T2DM itself. Increased (obesity) raises serum levels, which in turn directly correlate to insulin resistance. Studies have also confirmed a direct correlation between resistin levels and T2DM.
And it is waistline adipose tissue (central obesity) which seems to be the foremost type of fat deposits contributing to rising levels of serum resistin. Conversely, serum resistin levels have been found to decline with decreased adiposity following medical treatment. Asthma Developing asthma due to abdominal obesity is also a main concern. As a result of breathing at low lung volume, the muscles are tighter and the airway is narrower. It is commonly seen that people who are obese breathe quickly and often, while inhaling small volumes of air.
People with obesity are also more likely to be hospitalized for asthma. A study has stated that 75% of patients treated for asthma in the emergency room were either overweight or obese.
Alzheimer's disease Based on studies, it is evident that obesity has a strong association with vascular and metabolic disease which could potentially be linked to Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have also shown an association between mid-life obesity and dementia, but the relationship between later life obesity and dementia is less clear.
A study by Debette et al. (2010) examining over 700 adults found evidence to suggest higher volumes of visceral fat, regardless of overall weight, were associated with smaller brain volumes and increased risk of. Alzheimer's disease and abdominal obesity has a strong correlation and with metabolic factors added in, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease was even higher. Based on logistic regression analyses, it was found that obesity was associated with an almost 10-fold increase risk of Alzheimer's disease.
See also:The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net energy imbalance—the organism consumes more usable calories than it expends, wastes, or discards through elimination. Some studies indicate that visceral adiposity, together with lipid dysregulation and, is related to the excessive consumption of. Greater meat consumption has also been positively associated with greater weight gain, and specifically abdominal obesity, even when accounting for calories. Other environmental factors, such as, estrogenic compounds in the diet, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals may be important also. Obesity plays an important role in the impairment of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism shown in high-carbohydrate diets.
It has also been shown that quality protein intake during a 24-hour period and the number of times the essential amino acid threshold of approximately 10 g has been achieved is inversely related to the percentage of central abdominal fat. Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of to daily dietary protein.Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the portal circulation, where the blood leads straight to the liver. Thus, the excess of triglycerides and fatty acids created by the visceral fat cells will go into the liver and accumulate there. In the liver, most of it will be stored as fat. This concept is known as 'lipotoxicity'.Hypercortisolism, such as in, also leads to central obesity.
Many prescription drugs, such as dexamethasone and other steroids, can also have side effects resulting in central obesity, especially in the presence of elevated insulin levels.The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in western populations, possibly due to a combination of low physical activity and high-calorie diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.Waist measurement (e.g. For standard) is more prone to errors than measuring height and weight (e.g. For standard). It is recommended to use both standards. BMI will illustrate the best estimate of one's total body fatness, while waist measurement gives an estimate of visceral fat and risk of obesity-related disease. Alcohol consumption A study has shown that alcohol consumption is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women. After controlling for energy under-reporting, which have slightly attenuated these associations, it was observed that increasing alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk of exceeding recommended energy intakes in male participants – but not in the small number of female participants (2.13%) with elevated alcohol consumption, even after establishing a lower number of drinks per day to characterize women as consuming a high quantity of alcohol.
Further research is needed to determine whether a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity exists among women who consume higher amounts of alcohol. Diagnosis. In those with a BMI under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat.
Intra-abdominal or has a particularly strong correlation with.BMI and waist measurements are well recognized ways to characterize obesity. However, waist measurements are not as accurate as BMI measurements. For this reason, it is recommended to use both methods of measurements.While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body (see the picture), the severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements. The absolute waist circumference 102 centimetres (40 in) in men and 88 centimetres (35 in) in women and the (0.9 for men and 0.85 for women) are both used as measures of central obesity. A includes distinguishing central obesity from and intestinal. In the of 15,000 people participating in the (NHANES III), waist circumference explained obesity-related health risk better than the (or BMI) when was taken as an and this difference was statistically significant. In other words, excessive waist circumference appears to be more of a risk factor for metabolic syndrome than.
Another measure of central obesity which has shown superiority to BMI in predicting cardiovascular disease risk is the (waist-to-height ratio, WHtR), where a ratio of =0.5 (i.e. A waist circumference at least half of the individual's height) is predictive of increased risk.Another diagnosis of obesity is the analysis of intra-abdominal fat having the most risk to one's personal health. The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of and as per studies mentioned by (1998) review.An increasing acceptance of the importance of central obesity within the medical profession as an indicator of health risk has led to new developments in obesity diagnosis such as the, which measures central obesity by measuring a person's body shape and their weight distribution. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.Index of central obesity Index of Central Obesity (ICO) is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh et al. In 2007 as a better substitute to the widely used waist circumference in defining. The Adult Treatment Panel III suggested cut off of 102 cm (40 in) and 88 cm (35 in) for males and females as a marker of central obesity. The same was used in defining.
Suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to 90 cm (35 in) and 80 cm (31 in) for males and females. Various race specific cutoffs were suggested by different groups. The defined central obesity based on these various race and gender specific cutoffs. The other limitation of waist circumference is that it can not be applied in children.
– Parikh et al. Looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded. An ICO cutoff of 0.53 was suggested as a criterion to define central obesity.
Parikh et al. Further tested a modified definition of in which waist circumference was replaced with ICO in the (NHANES) database and found the modified definition to be more specific and sensitive.This parameter has been used in the study of.
Sex differences 50% of men and 70% of women in the between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity.When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women.Central obesity is positively associated with risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk.There are sex-dependent differences in regional fat distribution. In women, is believed to cause fat to be stored in the,.
When women reach and the estrogen produced by declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips, and thighs to their belly.Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences.Abdominal obesity in males is correlated with comparatively low levels. Testosterone administration significantly increased thigh muscle area, reduced subcutaneous fat deposition at all levels measured, but slightly increased the visceral fat area.Even with the differences, at any given level of central obesity measured as waist circumference or waist to hip ratio, coronary artery disease rates are identical in men and women. Management. This section needs expansion. You can help. ( January 2019)A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity.
A single pound of fat yields approximately 3500 calories of energy (32 000 kJ energy per kilogram of fat), and weight loss is achieved by reducing energy intake, or increasing energy expenditure, thus achieving a negative balance. Adjunctive therapies which may be prescribed by a physician are or, although the latter has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in the, the, the, and.A 2006 study published in the, suggests that combining cardiovascular (aerobic) exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat.
An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of, a hormone that leads to more belly fat deposits and leptin resistance.Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat. As mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer.
Specifically it's the deepest layer of belly fat (the fat you cannot see or grab) that poses health risks, as these 'visceral' fat cells produce hormones that can affect health (e.g. Increased insulin resistance and/or breast cancer risk).
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The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance, setting the stage for type 2 diabetes. However, visceral fat is more responsive to the circulation of.In the presence of, the physician might instead prescribe and ( or ) as rather than derivatives. May cause slight weight gain but decrease, and therefore may be prescribed for diabetics with central obesity.Thiazolidinedione has been associated with heart failure and increased cardiovascular risk; so it has been withdrawn from the market in Europe by EMA in 2010.may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and Aphramor wrote, 'The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment.' The Women's Health Initiative ('the largest and longest randomized, controlled dietary intervention clinical trial' ) found that long-term dietary intervention increased the waist circumference of both the intervention group and the control group, though the increase was smaller for the intervention group.
The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2.2 kg (P.
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